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Copom se reúne nesta quarta; mercado prevê manutenção da taxa de juros a 13,75%

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O Comitê de Política Monetária (Copom) do Banco Central se reunirá nesta quarta-feira (7) para definir a taxa básica de juros da economia, a Selic.

Analistas do mercado financeiro preveem a manutenção da Selic em 13,75% ao ano, percentual em vigor desde agosto deste ano. A decisão será divulgada após as 18h.

Esta é a última reunião do Copom no governo Jair Bolsonaro. Isso porque o próximo encontro do comitê já acontecerá no governo Lula.

Mas o atual presidente do BC, Roberto Campos Neto, permanecerá à frente da instituição pelo menos até dezembro de 2024. Isso porque uma lei em vigor desde 2021 estabeleceu a chamada autonomia do Banco Central, com mandato para presidente e diretores da instituição.

O BC iniciou o governo Bolsonaro com a taxa de juros em 6,5% ao ano, e, em 2020, durante a pandemia, reduziu a Selic para 2% ao ano, menor patamar da história.

No entanto, a partir de março de 2021, o BC passou a elevar a Selic em todas as reuniões (12 consecutivas) e, com isso, a taxa chegou a 13,75% ao ano, o que configurou o mais longo ciclo de alta desde 1999 e deixou a Selic no maior nível em seis anos (entenda mais abaixo a relação Selic-inflação).

Comportamento da taxa básica de juros no governo Bolsonaro
Em % ao ano

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Fonte: Banco Central (*previsão do mercado para dezembro de 2022)

Pressões inflacionárias

O ciclo da alta dos juros, interrompido em setembro deste ano, buscou, segundo o BC, conter as pressões inflacionárias do momento, que envolveram, por exemplo:

  • a pandemia;
  • a interrupção temporária na oferta de alguns produtos;
  • inserção de recursos extraordinários na economia (auxílios temporários);
  • guerra na Ucrânia.

Metas de inflação

Para definir o nível dos juros, o Banco Central se baseia no sistema de metas de inflação. Quando a inflação está alta, o BC eleva a Selic. Quando as estimativas para a inflação estão em linha com as metas, o Banco Central pode reduzir a Selic.

Em 2022, a meta central de inflação é de 3,5% e será oficialmente cumprida se o índice oscilar de 2% a 5%. Para 2023, a meta de inflação foi fixada 3,25%, e será considerada formalmente cumprida se oscilar entre 1,75% e 4,75%.

Neste momento, o BC já está ajustando a taxa Selic para tentar atingir a meta de inflação dos próximos anos, uma vez que as decisões sobre juros demoram de seis a 18 meses para terem impacto pleno na economia.

Para o ano que vem, a previsão do mercado financeiro, feita na última semana, é de uma inflação de 5,08%, acima do teto da meta. Se confirmado, será o terceiro ano seguido de estouro da meta. Em 2022, o BC já admitiu que o objetivo não deve ser alcançado.

Incerteza sobre contas públicas

No fim do mês passado, o presidente do Banco Central, Roberto Campos Neto, afirmou que o mercado financeiro inverteu a previsão nas últimas três semanas e passou a prever alta na taxa básica de juros da economia brasileira nos próximos seis meses.

A mudança na expectativa do mercado financeiro aconteceu após a divulgação da PEC da Transição. A medida prevê tirar da regra do teto de gastos toda a despesa com o Bolsa Família, de R$ 175 bilhões, além de outros R$ 23 bilhões para investimentos por quatro anos. Com isso, seriam liberados R$ 105 bilhões para outras despesas, como saúde, educação e segurança, entre outros.

Economistas temem impacto impacto na dívida pública e na inflação. O mesmo Campos Neto já tinha dito anteriormente que havia um peso maior da “incerteza fiscal” (sobre as contas públicas) no cenário econômico e acrescentou que BC pode ter de reagir no futuro. A taxa de juros é a principal ferramenta de reação da instituição.

Consequências de juros altos

Mesmo se interrompido o ciclo de alta dos juros, a taxa Selic permanecerá no maior patamar em seis anos. De acordo com especialistas, juros elevados têm vários reflexos na economia, entre os quais:

Fonte G1 Brasília

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