A equipe de transição do governo do presidente eleito Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) iniciou nesta quinta-feira (2) as negociações sobre o Orçamento de 2023, e um dos grandes desafios, segundo os especialistas, será recompor as verbas do ministério da Educação.
No cenário pós-pandemia, a educação básica teve a menor previsão de verba dos últimos onze anos, segundo dados compilados pelas consultorias de orçamento da Câmara e do Senado.
A área engloba a educação infantil e os ensinos fundamental e médio ? ou seja, a maior parte da vida escolar dos alunos. Os alunos dessas etapas de ensino foram fortemente impactados pela pandemia de Covid-19, em que as escolas ficaram fechadas e a maioria não conseguiu oferecer o suporte necessário para o ensino remoto.
O Projeto de Lei Orçamentária (PLOA) de 2023, enviado pelo governo Jair Bolsonaro ao Congresso Nacional, prevê R$ 11,3 bilhões ao setor, sem considerar a complementação da União ao Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Fundeb).
É o menor valor, em cifras corrigidas pela inflação, desde 2012, quando esses gastos somaram R$ 37 bilhões.
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Essa queda no volume de recursos ocorre em meio às restrições impostas pelo teto de gastos, regra que limita as despesas da União, e à elevação dos repasses obrigatórios ao Fundeb ? principal meio de financiamento da educação básica no Brasil e que é composto pela arrecadação de estados e municípios e complementado por verbas federais.
Até 2020, a União contribuía com 10% do valor total. A partir de 2021, com a aprovação do chamado novo Fundeb, a participação do governo federal passou a crescer gradativamente e chegará a 23% em 2026. No ano que vem, o repasse será de 17%, o equivalente a R$ 40 bilhões, segundo as consultorias do Congresso.
Os especialistas alertam, porém, que esse aumento obrigatório de repasses via Fundeb não pode ser utilizado como justificativa para o corte em outras ações da pasta.
“Reduzir as outras despesas do MEC, em função do aumento do Fundeb, significaria minimizar ou até anular os ganhos que o novo formato do fundo traz para a educação brasileira?, avaliou a organização Todos Pela Educação em nota.
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Apesar de os recursos do fundo serem destinados à educação básica, o Conselho Nacional de Secretários de Educação (Consed) explica que eles cobrem apenas o pagamento de salários e despesas correntes, como contas de água e luz.
Por isso, na avaliação da entidade, o apoio financeiro da União, além do Fundeb, seria necessário para garantir investimentos e superar as perdas impostas pela pandemia.
“Esse período pós-pandêmico tem exigido dos estados e dos municípios incremento de atividades. Nós precisamos recompor aprendizagens”, disse o presidente do conselho fiscal do Consed e secretário de Educação de Sergipe, Josué Modesto dos Passos Subrinho.
“Normalmente, os prefeitos e governadores têm baixíssima capacidade de investimento na educação. Por isso, a complementação por parte do governo federal [extra-Fundeb] é muito importante”, completou Subrinho.
Cláudio Tanno, da consultoria de orçamento da Câmara, reforçou o alerta sobre a necessidade da complementação por parte da União.
“O grande problema é que o Fundeb não atende diretamente a parte de infraestrutura. E uma das maiores carências da educação básica, no momento, é a grande desigualdade em relação às condições de infraestrutura.”
Procurado, o ministério da Educação não enviou manifestação até a publicação desta reportagem.
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Cortes na educação básica
Ações estratégicas ligadas à educação básica ? como fomento ao ensino integral, construção e reformas de creches e escolas e compra de veículos escolares ? tiveram reduções no projeto de orçamento de 2023 (veja a lista abaixo) .
“Esses cortes, no momento em que é preciso reorganizar o currículo e recompor a aprendizagem, vão na contramão da necessidade e da prioridade que devemos dar à educação”, avaliou Anna Helena Altenfelder, presidente do Conselho de Administração do Cenpec ? organização da sociedade civil que trabalha pela equidade e qualidade na educação.
Dentre as ações do Ministério da Educação que sofreram cortes expressivos, estão:
- Apoio ao desenvolvimento da educação básica: – 95,6%
São recursos destinados, por exemplo, à implementação da base comum curricular e à expansão das escolas que oferecem ensino em tempo integral.
PLOA 2022 – R$ 664.587.867
PLOA 2023 – R$ 29.160.974 - Apoio à infraestrutura para a educação básica: – 97%
É parte da verba utilizada para a construção e reforma de creches e escolas.
PLOA 2022 – R$ 119.145.964
PLOA 2023 – R$ 3.457.299 - Aquisição de veículos para o transporte escolar da educação básica: – 95,7%
O dinheiro é usado para a compra de veículos escolares por meio do programa Caminho da Escola.
PLOA 2022 – R$ 10.000.000
PLOA 2023 – R$ 425.000 - Educação infantil: – 96,6%
Primeira etapa da educação básica, a educação infantil engloba crianças de até cinco anos. Apesar de ser responsabilidade dos municípios, o governo federal tem papel suplementar de prestar apoio técnico e financeiro.
PLOA 2022 – R$ 151.000.000
PLOA 2023 – R$ 5.090.183 - Educação de jovens e adultos (EJA): – 56,8%
Modalidade de ensino destinada a jovens e adultos que não tiveram acesso ou não terminaram o ensino fundamental ou médio.
PLOA 2022 – R$ 38.981.322
PLOA 2023 – R$ 16.825.333
Os dados foram reunidos pelo Todos Pela Educação e comparam as propostas de orçamento feitas pelo governo para os exercícios de 2022 e 2023.
“Essa redução drástica na proposta de orçamento é uma sinalização de que essas medidas estruturantes não são prioridade para o governo”, afirmou o líder de Relações Governamentais do Todos pela Educação, Lucas Hoogerbrugge.
Dados do Sistema de Avaliação da Educação Básica (Saeb), divulgados em setembro, mostraram o impacto gerado pela Covid-19 no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Entre 2019 e 2021, por exemplo, mais do que dobrou a porcentagem de crianças do 2º ano do ensino fundamental que ainda não sabiam ler e escrever, nem mesmo palavras isoladas.
Na matemática, o cenário também é preocupante: em 2021, 22% das crianças não conseguiam fazer operações básicas, como soma e subtração. Em 2019, antes da pandemia, eram 16%.
Transparência e qualidade do gasto
Além da redução de verbas, há ainda o temor de perda de transparência e de qualidade desse gasto já escasso. Isso porque as emendas de relator, aquelas batizadas de “orçamento secreto”, vêm ocupando espaço cada vez maior em ações ligadas à educação básica.
Algumas delas chegam a ser quase totalmente financiadas por meio dessas emendas. É o caso da verba de apoio à infraestrutura ? usada para a construção e reforma de creches e escolas. Em 2021, 60,4% desse gasto foi autorizado via emendas de relator. Em 2022, esse percentual saltou para 83,7%, segundo dados compilados pelos técnicos do Congresso.
“Uma política importante, como dotar as escolas de infraestrutura adequada está, hoje, praticamente toda a cargo do Parlamento?, diz Cláduia Tanno, da consultoria de orçamento da Câmara.
“Essa ação fica condicionada, portanto, a uma visão própria de cada parlamentar, e não a uma visão global que o ministério tem”, acrescentou Tanno.
No próximo ano, a previsão é que os parlamentares tenham à disposição R$ 1 bilhão em emendas de relator dentro do Ministério da Educação. No total, R$ 19,3 bilhões poderão ser espalhados pelo Orçamento de 2023 para esse tipo de emenda, que é criticada pela falta de transparência em relação aos critérios de distribuição.
“O ministério consegue priorizar esse recurso de forma técnica, nas escolas mais vulneráveis e nas regiões que necessitam de mais suporte. Quando passa isso para as emendas de relator, você não tem transparência nenhuma de como esse dinheiro está sendo usado e nem dos critérios que estão sendo utilizados?, alertou Hoogerbrugge, do Todos pela Educação.
Fonte G1 Brasília